نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• کامران افشار مهاجر ¹
• سودابه صالحی ²
• امیر فرید ³

¹ دانشیار گروه ارتباط تصویری، دانشکده هنرهای تجسمی، دانشگاه هنر تهران

² استادیار گروه ارتباط تصویری، دانشکده هنرهای تجسمی، دانشگاه هنر تهران،

³ دانشجوی دکتری تاریخ تطبیقی تحلیلی هنر اسلامی دانشگاه هنر تهران،

چکیده

خوانش درست متن و شناسایی هر حرف در خط و خو شنویسی، به بیان شکلیِ کامل و درست رس مالخط آن
خط وابسته است. از این رو، برای هر حرف می بایست شاخصه های شکلی ویژه ای متصور شد که عدم رعایت
آن ها، ه مشکلی حروف با یک دیگر و در نتیجه، اشتباه در تشخیص و خوانش آن ها را به دنبال خواهد داشت.
در رسم الخط الفبایِ خطوط اسلامی با گوناگونی شکلی و هم چنین نزدیکی ریختی در برخی از حروف مواجه
هستیم. اگر بتوان برای هر حرف، ویژگی های ساختاری منحصر به فرد را یافت، می تواند به تشخیص درست
حروف منجر گردد. نوشتار حاضر نیز در مسیر رسیدن به این هدف، پرسشهایی را مد نظر دارد. از جمله
اینکه، کدام پاره )جزء( از اجزای تشکیل دهنده ی حروف در الفبای خطوط اسلامی قابلیت تشخیص آن حرف
را دارند؟ همچنین شاخصه های قابل تشخیص هر حرف چه می تواند باشد؟ این پژوهش در محدوده خط های
سنتی و به روش کیفی وبه شیوه توصیفی، تحلیلی انجام یافته که حروف پس از جدا سازی، به صورت
مقایسه شکلی میان داده ها، در جدول های مستقل مورد تحلیل قرار خواهند گرفت. نتیج هی حاصل از این
مقایس هها نشان دهنده تنوع و گوناگونی شکلی در هر حرف می باشد. با وجود این تنوع، می توان پاره های
مشخصی را برای شناسایی هر حرف یافت که حفظ تنها آن قسمتها برای تشخیص حرف کافی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• الفبای خطوط اسلامی
• شکل حروف
• شاخصه های تشخیص حروف
• خط های ایرانی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Features of distinguishing letters in alphabet of Islamic scripts

نویسندگان [English]

• kamran afshar mohajer ¹
• soodabeh salehi ²
• amir farid ³

چکیده [English]

Writing system is considered one of the greatest and probably the most important invention  of humanity. That is because not only has it made possible to record history, it has eased communication among people and cultures. In terms of oral features, language has been a natural development for almost all people over the history. Writing however has historically gone through a different line of development. In the initial stages, some cultural groups gave rise to writing to record their transactions. Such writings were first pictographic, that is, the relationship between an object and its writing symbol was so close. This pictorial relationship remained as a mutual alphabet for a long time until the pictures went through some modifications, and the alphabet was born. The meaning in pictogram was obvious to the reader as each picture represented the related object. However, with the gradual replacement of pictures with alphabetic letters over time, each letter was to represent a special sound, and consequently, the created abstraction changed the clarity of meaning to a point where any mistake in writing a letter would lead to lack of understanding of the writer's meaning. As such, true recognition of each letter in various scripts, in order to achieve the goal of writing, gained importance.
 
Right reading and distinguishing each letter in scripts and calligraphy is dependent on the right and complete expression of the shapes of that writing system. Therefore, each letter is supposed to bear special shape features that when disobeyed, similarity with other letters, thus mistakes in recognizing and reading would be resulted.
 
Islamic alphabet is characterized by positive aspects and unique features along with some limitations, which are in need of a separate thorough discussion. However, beyond all judgments on limitations and positives of the alphabet, form and shape features of the alphabet need to be taken into consideration. The available literature proves the shortage of basic and fundamental investigations on structure and forms of Islamic script and calligraphy. Therefore, it emphasizes on the necessity to carry out studies in this area. On the other hand, mentioning the drawbacks in Islamic scripts and discussions like the incongruity of this writing system with today's scientific and technological developments have made the emergence of recommendations, criticisms, and even opponents against this writing, to a point where the idea of changing the script has gained a special attention in Islamic countries.
 
We are faced with a variety of shapes and also the similarity of lettering in some letters of Islamic script. If unique structure features of each letter are discovered, clear recognition of letters would be achieved. In order to fulfill this aim, the present study has put forward two questions: Which part of the consisting components of letters in Islamic script has the distinguishing ability of that part? What are the recognizable features of each letter? The study has focused on traditional scripts, and is conducted by using descriptive-analytic methodology. Letters, after being separated, are analyzed in distinct tables using shape comparison among data. The results achieved through such comparisons show the variety in shapes of each letter. In spite of this diversity, distinctive parts can be found for each letter, the preservation of which makes it sufficient to distinguish each letter. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Islamic script
• shapes of letters
• distinguishing letters features
• Iranian writing systems