نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 هیأت علمی، گروه صنایع دستی، دانشکده صنایع، دستی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 فارغ التحصیل دوره کارشناسی ارشد صنایع دستی، دانشکده صنایع دستی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

10.30480/vaa.2024.4829.1832

چکیده

کاشیکاری از هنرهای اصیل ایرانی است که در دوره قاجار در تزئین بناهای مختلف از جمله خانه ها به کار رفته است. خانه های قاجاری شیراز گنجینه ارزشمندی از کاشیکاری های این دوره دارند. اگر چه ویژگی های هنری این کاشی ها از مکاتب هنری دوره قاجار پیروی می نماید، لیکن موضوعات آنها تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلف اجتماعی شکل گرفتند. برخی از این کاشیکاری ها در حال از بین رفتن هستند. از این رو هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل عوامل مختلف اجتماعی تاثیر گذار بر شکل گیری نقوش این کاشیکاری ها به منظور زنده نگه داشتن و باز آفرینی آنهاست. از آن جا که تمرکز موضوعی این پژوهش بر خانه های قاجاری شیراز است و محدوده جغرافیایی مشخصی را بررسی می کند، لذا تلاش شده همه عوامل اجتماعی موثر بر ویژگی های هنری آثار مد نظر باشد. پرسش پژوهش به صورت زیر است: چه عوامل اجتماعی بر شکل گیری نقوش کاشیکاری های خانه های قاجاری شیراز تاثیر گذاشته است؟ روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی، شیوه گرد آوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای و روش تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها کیفی است. برای انجام پژوهش، کاشیکاری های هفت خانه قاجاری شیراز بررسی شدند. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد نقوش این کاشیکاری ها بازتابی از مجموعه عوامل اجتماعی دوره قاجار مانند ساختار جامعه، باورها، رخدادهای فرهنگی، بازار، مشاغل و توجهات اجتماعی میان سنت گرایی و فرنگی گرایی در جامعه قاجاری است. این نتیجه نشان می دهد که هنرمندان کاشی ساز دوره قاجار برای طراحی و ساخت آثار خود توجه خاصی به باور های اجتماعی و مفاهیم آن داشته اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Analysis of Social Factors Influencing on the formation of Tiling Motifs in Shiraz Qajar Houses

نویسندگان [English]

  • QOBAD KIYANMEHR 1
  • forogh karimipur - davani nezhad 2

1 department - handi craft faculty - handicraft university - art university of isfahan

2 grajuated of ma in major of handcraft facult of hand craft university of ar t of isfahan isfahan iran

چکیده [English]

Tiling is one of noble arts that is related to Iranian architecture. The first sample of tiles in the world was used in Iran. In the art of tiling, artists depicted beliefs, religious concepts, narrative, epic, and mythological themes. Tiling actually was a visual language of tile painters. Like other arts, tiling declined during Qajar era, but eventually found its own style. Tiling was used in decorating different buildings including gardens, palaces, holly places and houses during Qajar era. Tiling was used in different parts of these buildings including walls, dados, porches, rooms, pool houses, and the head of buildings. The use of tiling with fresh and lively colors became popular in various buildings which was unprecedented in Iranian tiling before that. In addition to having visual beauty, tiling was a resistant material that was suitable for different parts of the building.
Shiraz had its own style in the field of tiling in Qajar era and outstanding tiling of Qajar era can be found in various buildings of this city. Tiling reached its peak in Shiraz houses during Qajar era. Shiraz Qajar houses have a valuable treasure of this era tiling. Although the artistic features of these tiles follow the artistic schools of Qajar era, their themes were formed under the influence of various social factors. These tiling have been used in different parts of Shiraz Qajar houses including the head of building, yard, dados, pool house, porch, and rooms. Some of these tiling is being destroyed. Therefore, analysing the social factors influencing on the formation of these tiling motifs is very important to keep them alive and recreate them.
So, the aim of the present research is to analyse the social factors influencing on the formation of Haft-Rang tiling motifs in Qajar houses of Shiraz. Since the thematic focus of this research is on Qajar houses of Shiraz and it examines a specific geographical area, therefore, it has been tried to consider all social factors influencing the artistic features of the works. The research question is as follows: What Social factors have influenced the formation of tiling motifs in Qajar houses of Shiraz? Research method is descriptive-analytical, data collection method is library-based and data analysis method is qualitative. To do the research, the tiles of seven Qajar houses in Shiraz (Atrvash house, Zinat-al-molk house, Qavam-al-molk house, Dokhanchi house, Salehi house, Saadat house, and Mohtasham house) were examined.
Research findings demonstrated that the motifs of these tiling are a reflection of the set of social factors of Qajar era such as the structure of society, beliefs, cultural events, market, jobs and social attentions between traditionalism and foreignism in Qajar society. This result shows that tile maker artists of Qajar era paid special attention to social beliefs and concepts for the design and construction of their works.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Shiraz Qajar Houses
  • Qajar Society
  • Qajar Art
  • Qajar Tile motifs